June 13, 2023

Chemistry of Color - Rainbow Theme

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Season 4

Continuing our Rainbow Theme for the month, we're discovering the Chemistry of Color! Quizmaster Tanner paints a vivid picture with four basic facts about our natural, colorful world. But beware, one of these facts is a pigment of his imagination! Will hosts Andi and Sups be able to find the solution, or will they be left feeling blue? This episode is sure to spark inspiration and ignite your curiosity! So grab your lab coat, put on your safety goggles, and get ready to play along!

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WEBVTT

00:00:01.302 --> 00:00:03.971
They do change colors every season, right?

00:00:04.166 --> 00:00:04.227
So

00:00:04.812 --> 00:00:05.261
yes.

00:00:05.326 --> 00:00:08.057
one would assume that they have

00:00:08.192 --> 00:00:09.122
they have multiple.

00:00:10.474 --> 00:00:11.404
You're basic.

00:00:13.006 --> 00:00:13.955
so then I could.

00:00:14.205 --> 00:00:15.016
Believe that.

00:00:15.016 --> 00:00:24.717
Because to me it's like if it were actually super useful, there'd be a whole black market for these bad boys, I wanna hear about fireworks now cuz you promised fireworks.

00:00:24.717 --> 00:00:24.957
right.

00:00:24.957 --> 00:00:25.138
And we

00:00:25.143 --> 00:00:25.888
haven't talked about them yet.

00:00:25.981 --> 00:00:26.128
yet.

00:00:26.217 --> 00:00:27.448
All right, let's go it with a bang.

00:00:29.182 --> 00:00:33.284
Hello and welcome to I Should Have Known, the Trivia Game Show that can't be trusted.

00:00:33.524 --> 00:00:39.884
Each week, one of our quiz masters will present you with four facts about a topic, but one of them is a lie.

00:00:40.097 --> 00:00:41.728
And welcome to season four.

00:00:42.351 --> 00:00:49.847
are new and improved, I should have known, and we are doing rainbow for the month of June to celebrate our new season.

00:00:50.118 --> 00:00:52.188
And this week, Argos master is Tanner.

00:00:52.503 --> 00:00:52.982
Hello?

00:00:52.982 --> 00:00:53.372
That's me.

00:00:53.658 --> 00:00:54.557
Yeah, it is.

00:00:54.887 --> 00:00:58.784
And tanner's doing a sciencey episode about the chemistry of color.

00:00:59.034 --> 00:01:06.468
So he will present us with four facts about the chemistry behind colors, But one of his packs is a lie.

00:01:06.718 --> 00:01:12.049
So join me, Andy, and our other host soups in trying to figure out which one it is.

00:01:12.555 --> 00:01:13.486
First we have our pub quiz

00:01:13.965 --> 00:01:14.906
Yay pup quiz.

00:01:15.346 --> 00:01:15.766
Yeah.

00:01:16.096 --> 00:01:27.055
So this is a new feature for season four where we will present you with a pub quiz or trivia style question that you might hear at a pub quiz or trivia event.

00:01:27.061 --> 00:01:27.596
If you go.

00:01:27.942 --> 00:01:28.302
That's right.

00:01:28.647 --> 00:01:31.198
So what is the name and chemical symbol?

00:01:31.504 --> 00:01:37.236
Of the noble gas, which emits a reddish orange glow when heated in a glass tube.

00:01:37.736 --> 00:01:39.956
Oh, I associate blue with neon signs.

00:01:39.956 --> 00:01:40.605
Oh, it?

00:01:40.665 --> 00:01:41.566
It's neon.

00:01:41.656 --> 00:01:41.865
Yes.

00:01:42.165 --> 00:01:43.936
And it's n e.

00:01:44.355 --> 00:01:44.865
That's right.

00:01:44.945 --> 00:01:45.165
Yes.

00:01:45.965 --> 00:01:48.245
And actually all of the noble gases.

00:01:48.245 --> 00:01:50.825
Glow when you heat them and they glow different colors.

00:01:50.974 --> 00:01:51.245
So

00:01:51.484 --> 00:01:55.174
that's why I was confused because I was like, I know they're different colors.

00:01:55.174 --> 00:01:57.125
And I was like, oh no, which one is it gonna be?

00:01:57.125 --> 00:01:57.965
Yeah, I don't know.

00:01:57.965 --> 00:01:58.834
The reddish orange ones.

00:01:58.834 --> 00:02:00.215
I cuz I didn't think that was neon.

00:02:00.275 --> 00:02:01.055
Yeah, it's neon.

00:02:01.060 --> 00:02:02.224
So that's the most common one.

00:02:02.644 --> 00:02:05.635
If it's blue, that's probably zenon or argon.

00:02:05.864 --> 00:02:06.155
Yeah.

00:02:06.405 --> 00:02:06.625
Huh?

00:02:07.125 --> 00:02:07.545
Yeah.

00:02:07.778 --> 00:02:12.412
So today we're talking about leaves, crabs.

00:02:12.641 --> 00:02:13.461
Oh, crabs.

00:02:13.611 --> 00:02:14.572
Water, and

00:02:15.231 --> 00:02:15.262
Okay.

00:02:15.741 --> 00:02:17.662
I love that crabs are involved.

00:02:17.812 --> 00:02:21.936
I don't know what crabs have anything to do with color chemistry, but, Okay.

00:02:22.086 --> 00:02:22.536
All right.

00:02:23.036 --> 00:02:28.336
Fact number one, leaves naturally have three color pigments.

00:02:28.836 --> 00:02:29.442
Hmm.

00:02:29.830 --> 00:02:30.400
Okay.

00:02:30.615 --> 00:02:30.905
Okay.

00:02:31.405 --> 00:02:34.074
They do change colors every season, right?

00:02:34.270 --> 00:02:34.330
So

00:02:34.914 --> 00:02:35.365
yes.

00:02:35.429 --> 00:02:38.159
one would assume that they have

00:02:38.294 --> 00:02:39.224
they have multiple.

00:02:39.224 --> 00:02:42.074
But what I find interesting though is when you say like, pigments,

00:02:42.574 --> 00:02:42.664
mm-hmm.

00:02:43.164 --> 00:02:44.784
That means giving color.

00:02:45.025 --> 00:02:49.224
So sometimes the color that you see is from like a lack of something else.

00:02:49.224 --> 00:02:49.310
Right?

00:02:49.560 --> 00:02:53.879
But then I'm also thinking like, don't, most things have three pigment colors.

00:02:53.957 --> 00:02:55.478
Isn't that how pigments

00:02:55.853 --> 00:02:56.092
Yeah.

00:02:56.092 --> 00:02:57.742
You're, you're too smart for this show.

00:02:57.818 --> 00:02:57.937
sorry.

00:02:58.073 --> 00:03:00.082
the teacher's a, I think, Yeah.

00:03:00.223 --> 00:03:02.812
Andy, you're officially disqualified from season four.

00:03:03.112 --> 00:03:03.772
Oh yeah.

00:03:04.272 --> 00:03:09.556
So the usual explanation of why leaves change color in the fall is that they die.

00:03:10.056 --> 00:03:13.605
And as they die, they change color from green to yellowish orange

00:03:14.105 --> 00:03:14.526
or to

00:03:14.536 --> 00:03:16.116
red or red, and then

00:03:16.145 --> 00:03:17.165
They're different ones.

00:03:17.170 --> 00:03:17.246
Yeah.

00:03:17.436 --> 00:03:17.735
Right.

00:03:18.145 --> 00:03:19.945
That's not exactly true.

00:03:20.110 --> 00:03:34.240
Leaves are actually changing the ratio of these three pigments they have in an active process in order to kind of salvage some of the elements and chemicals in their leaves, and then they actively make the leaf fall off.

00:03:34.389 --> 00:03:37.389
Okay, and this is Chlorophyl has got something to do with

00:03:37.389 --> 00:03:37.479
it.

00:03:37.509 --> 00:03:37.789
Yes.

00:03:38.039 --> 00:03:38.490
Yes.

00:03:38.490 --> 00:03:39.659
That's the green one.

00:03:39.659 --> 00:03:39.719
Yeah.

00:03:40.080 --> 00:03:41.580
The most abundant one.

00:03:41.909 --> 00:03:43.530
That's why leaves are green.

00:03:43.530 --> 00:03:44.219
In the summer.

00:03:44.224 --> 00:03:44.430
Yeah.

00:03:44.930 --> 00:03:48.687
In spring, because most leaves have three pigments.

00:03:48.692 --> 00:03:48.796
Mm-hmm.

00:03:49.007 --> 00:03:54.109
Chlorophyl, which reflects green light because it absorbs other wavelengths.

00:03:54.109 --> 00:03:54.258
Mm-hmm.

00:03:54.758 --> 00:03:55.318
Carotids.

00:03:55.818 --> 00:03:56.443
Which

00:03:56.489 --> 00:03:57.329
is that orange or

00:03:57.554 --> 00:03:58.033
carrots.

00:03:58.033 --> 00:03:58.514
They're colored.

00:03:58.544 --> 00:03:58.843
Yes.

00:03:59.204 --> 00:04:00.554
They reflect orange and yellow.

00:04:00.973 --> 00:04:06.524
And then a third one, which reflects red and purple is called anthocyanins.

00:04:06.680 --> 00:04:07.044
Mm-hmm.

00:04:07.169 --> 00:04:07.459
Okay.

00:04:07.813 --> 00:04:10.243
So most leaves have a ratio of these.

00:04:10.243 --> 00:04:10.334
Mm-hmm.

00:04:11.088 --> 00:04:15.252
And the most one in the warm months is chlorophyl.

00:04:15.551 --> 00:04:19.107
But this pigment, it's kind of unstable.

00:04:19.586 --> 00:04:23.817
So as it gets colder, it quickly decomposes.

00:04:23.983 --> 00:04:32.161
And so the more stable orangeish, yellow carotid is now the most common one in the ratio of three.

00:04:32.372 --> 00:04:35.942
And then finally anthocyanin if there are many.

00:04:36.079 --> 00:04:38.668
And so this is why they change color in this way.

00:04:38.767 --> 00:04:39.307
Okay.

00:04:39.608 --> 00:04:40.927
I can kind of believe this.

00:04:41.084 --> 00:04:46.394
I have always wondered why, like cherry trees, they don't have green leaves, many cherry trees, right?

00:04:46.523 --> 00:04:49.295
they have like reddish, purplish leaves, natural normally, yes.

00:04:49.300 --> 00:04:49.504
yes.

00:04:49.706 --> 00:04:51.357
They're not like green, green leaves.

00:04:51.836 --> 00:04:53.307
And I always thought that was weird and I wondered why.

00:04:53.307 --> 00:04:58.305
So I guess they just have a different ratio of this, assuming that you're not lying to me right now,

00:04:58.545 --> 00:04:59.108
Yes.

00:04:59.446 --> 00:05:00.826
because you might be.

00:05:01.016 --> 00:05:01.216
Yeah.

00:05:01.637 --> 00:05:06.708
So the light could be, it's not three, but maybe there is one other pigment that we are forgetting, or,

00:05:06.903 --> 00:05:07.288
yeah.

00:05:07.538 --> 00:05:12.218
Well I would think that it's like the common knowledge would be about chlorophyll.

00:05:12.218 --> 00:05:16.975
Everyone knows about chlorophyll and then I guess like the question is like, well is chlorophyl pigment?

00:05:16.975 --> 00:05:17.035
Yeah.

00:05:17.064 --> 00:05:18.504
Or is chlorophyll something else

00:05:19.004 --> 00:05:19.334
Yeah.

00:05:19.644 --> 00:05:23.694
this could be true because it could just simply be like, you never really thought about it.

00:05:23.699 --> 00:05:23.754
Yeah.

00:05:24.204 --> 00:05:31.096
But like most things that we see that are pigmented Is a combination.

00:05:31.096 --> 00:05:32.297
Pigments are like paints.

00:05:32.297 --> 00:05:33.406
Like you think of paints.

00:05:33.437 --> 00:05:33.526
Yeah.

00:05:33.531 --> 00:05:33.677
Right.

00:05:33.927 --> 00:05:37.706
then at the same time, it's like, I also could just see that when.

00:05:37.812 --> 00:05:41.471
Chlorophyl breaks down it turns orange or yellow.

00:05:41.591 --> 00:05:41.651
Yeah.

00:05:41.757 --> 00:05:41.846
Is

00:05:42.132 --> 00:05:43.781
could also just be true, I

00:05:43.797 --> 00:05:43.976
guess.

00:05:44.007 --> 00:05:45.057
Yeah, makes sense.

00:05:45.295 --> 00:05:49.507
I mean, the logic, everything that he says, I mean, vaguely reminds me of things.

00:05:49.658 --> 00:05:53.108
I studied these in like middle high school bio, right?

00:05:53.108 --> 00:05:57.197
So I think, yeah, at least the three pigments I, Heard of these names.

00:05:57.257 --> 00:05:58.247
I mean, chloro, yes.

00:05:58.247 --> 00:05:58.728
But the other two.

00:05:59.228 --> 00:05:59.678
Also, yeah.

00:05:59.678 --> 00:05:59.978
Yeah.

00:05:59.978 --> 00:06:01.238
I about

00:06:01.254 --> 00:06:01.673
any of this.

00:06:03.824 --> 00:06:03.904
Hmm.

00:06:04.014 --> 00:06:04.199
Okay.

00:06:04.209 --> 00:06:04.500
Okay.

00:06:04.639 --> 00:06:06.379
I definitely need to hear more before

00:06:06.454 --> 00:06:06.665
Before

00:06:06.709 --> 00:06:07.699
I can really guess.

00:06:07.995 --> 00:06:11.815
So the next three facts are pretty much about blue because it's so rare.

00:06:11.985 --> 00:06:12.204
Yes.

00:06:12.425 --> 00:06:18.379
So Fact number two Litmus tests are made from the blue blood of horseshoe

00:06:18.666 --> 00:06:18.709
Oh,

00:06:19.449 --> 00:06:19.668
Oh.

00:06:20.439 --> 00:06:20.728
what?

00:06:22.036 --> 00:06:22.307
Okay.

00:06:22.307 --> 00:06:26.206
I did know that horseshoe crabs have blue blood.

00:06:26.603 --> 00:06:28.139
And it's super weird.

00:06:28.259 --> 00:06:28.319
Yeah.

00:06:28.742 --> 00:06:30.512
remind us about litmus tests.

00:06:30.512 --> 00:06:35.403
I did learn about those in my public school, so I do know what those are.

00:06:35.831 --> 00:06:38.651
So we'll start with litmus tests and then we'll come back to the crabs.

00:06:38.680 --> 00:06:38.971
Okay.

00:06:39.100 --> 00:06:39.430
Okay.

00:06:39.670 --> 00:06:44.321
Litmus paper is a type of paper that you can use as a basic test

00:06:45.060 --> 00:06:48.783
for ha ha ha ha ha ha ha.

00:06:48.872 --> 00:06:49.880
Show's over basic.

00:06:50.853 --> 00:06:51.783
You're basic.

00:06:52.127 --> 00:06:57.187
So So the litmus test is performed by this dyed paper.

00:06:57.247 --> 00:07:00.728
You place a small drop of a sample on it and it changes color.

00:07:00.733 --> 00:07:00.927
Mm-hmm.

00:07:01.007 --> 00:07:01.778
That's the idea.

00:07:01.783 --> 00:07:02.007
Mm-hmm.

00:07:02.427 --> 00:07:15.504
Now, A litmus paper is white and it has a blue end and a red end usually nowadays, and the red end will turn blue if the sample is alkaline or more basic.

00:07:16.214 --> 00:07:19.095
And the blue part will turn red if the sample is more acidic.

00:07:19.595 --> 00:07:21.214
So the whole thing will turn one color.

00:07:21.220 --> 00:07:21.404
Mm-hmm.

00:07:21.608 --> 00:07:30.278
But horseshoe crabs, They have bright blue blood and inside their blood there's a collection of immune cells that are exceptionally sensitive to pH.

00:07:30.908 --> 00:07:31.127
Mm.

00:07:32.100 --> 00:07:32.341
So

00:07:32.641 --> 00:07:38.648
these blue cells meet an acid, they flood the area with a solution of sodium bicarbonate.

00:07:38.944 --> 00:07:42.064
Which we use in the kitchen as Baking soda.

00:07:42.259 --> 00:07:42.620
Yeah.

00:07:42.708 --> 00:07:45.408
and it neutralizes it and turns it from blue to red.

00:07:45.827 --> 00:07:46.067
Good

00:07:46.302 --> 00:07:46.663
Steven.

00:07:47.858 --> 00:07:52.267
So going back to the fact about this blue blood and crab and litmus test.

00:07:52.267 --> 00:07:57.536
So are people actively seeking out these crabs to get this for Yes.

00:07:57.540 --> 00:07:57.634
Their

00:07:57.694 --> 00:07:57.935
blood?

00:07:58.125 --> 00:07:58.346
Yeah.

00:07:59.004 --> 00:07:59.694
It's hardcore.

00:07:59.740 --> 00:08:07.750
there's still blood, like thousands of them per year because they still need this chemical in the blood to make the paper.

00:08:07.795 --> 00:08:09.355
and we haven't been able to synthesize

00:08:09.411 --> 00:08:09.490
it.

00:08:09.550 --> 00:08:14.223
Scientists have been trying to replicate it in the lab by like cloning the cells for a long time, but they

00:08:14.370 --> 00:08:15.242
but they, yo it's

00:08:15.437 --> 00:08:16.218
Wow.

00:08:16.218 --> 00:08:16.398
This week.

00:08:16.458 --> 00:08:17.208
Wow.

00:08:17.208 --> 00:08:17.548
It's interesting.

00:08:17.627 --> 00:08:18.528
It's interesting,

00:08:18.553 --> 00:08:19.422
they like milk them.

00:08:19.492 --> 00:08:19.781
Yeah.

00:08:20.495 --> 00:08:22.564
But that is really interesting though to think about.

00:08:22.564 --> 00:08:25.750
So it's like not vegan if you work in a chem tent lab.

00:08:26.250 --> 00:08:28.420
That's like weird to think about though.

00:08:28.449 --> 00:08:28.509
Yeah.

00:08:28.990 --> 00:08:31.899
We haven't been able to make artificial horseshoe crab blood.

00:08:31.949 --> 00:08:32.239
Okay.

00:08:32.464 --> 00:08:33.033
Okay.

00:08:33.350 --> 00:08:36.081
when you say they're blood they don't kill them, is that what you're saying?

00:08:36.081 --> 00:08:39.013
They try to like take samples out without murdering

00:08:39.057 --> 00:08:39.898
They try, yeah.

00:08:39.898 --> 00:08:41.008
Some die every year.

00:08:41.457 --> 00:08:46.677
Yeah, but they shovel like a tube in them and the blood comes out and they try to stop before they

00:08:46.767 --> 00:08:46.932
die.

00:08:46.962 --> 00:08:49.332
Do they also get a cookie after donating their blood?

00:08:50.673 --> 00:08:51.003
Yeah.

00:08:51.212 --> 00:08:51.692
Okay.

00:08:52.756 --> 00:08:53.476
Okay.

00:08:53.547 --> 00:08:57.321
What an elaborate lie that that was, if that was a lie.

00:08:57.326 --> 00:08:57.360
Right.

00:08:57.740 --> 00:08:57.900
That

00:08:57.980 --> 00:08:58.471
is so cool.

00:08:58.908 --> 00:08:59.721
Like that's

00:08:59.961 --> 00:09:00.260
cool.

00:09:00.471 --> 00:09:00.851
Like

00:09:01.101 --> 00:09:02.182
that's elaborate.

00:09:02.458 --> 00:09:02.788
Yeah.

00:09:02.885 --> 00:09:03.025
Wow.

00:09:03.025 --> 00:09:03.225
Wow.

00:09:03.485 --> 00:09:03.905
Mm-hmm.

00:09:04.405 --> 00:09:05.671
I mean, Okay.

00:09:05.760 --> 00:09:06.679
So a couple things.

00:09:06.679 --> 00:09:12.537
One thing is that how important are litmus tests actually in labs?

00:09:12.537 --> 00:09:13.106
You know what I mean?

00:09:13.106 --> 00:09:16.206
Like, I know in school it's like you have to learn about

00:09:16.897 --> 00:09:16.986
Mm-hmm.

00:09:17.226 --> 00:09:17.346
but

00:09:17.346 --> 00:09:21.445
like, all the litmus says, tells you is if it is a base or an acid.

00:09:21.445 --> 00:09:21.534
Mm-hmm.

00:09:21.955 --> 00:09:27.325
It doesn't tell you how acidic or how basic, I mean, you can kind of tell by the color, but like, not precisely.

00:09:27.825 --> 00:09:30.465
So like why even bother making them?

00:09:30.524 --> 00:09:30.705
Yeah.

00:09:31.065 --> 00:09:32.565
Other than to teach kids about

00:09:33.065 --> 00:09:33.292
that.

00:09:33.292 --> 00:09:34.912
That's basically the industry for them.

00:09:34.942 --> 00:09:35.152
Yeah.

00:09:35.152 --> 00:09:37.341
It's, for high school and middle school chemistry.

00:09:37.341 --> 00:09:37.672
Yeah.

00:09:37.881 --> 00:09:40.121
Because in the professional labs, they have pH meters.

00:09:40.621 --> 00:09:43.158
If you want to test your blood, you have an arterial blood gas,

00:09:43.623 --> 00:09:48.153
You measure the hydrogen, you're not gonna like sit and Yeah, Mm-hmm.

00:09:48.347 --> 00:09:50.567
This just tells you what half it's on,

00:09:50.572 --> 00:09:50.677
Yeah.

00:09:50.677 --> 00:09:50.998
you know?

00:09:51.227 --> 00:09:51.518
Yeah.

00:09:51.628 --> 00:09:51.918
Yeah.

00:09:51.918 --> 00:09:52.577
Would, yeah.

00:09:52.577 --> 00:09:56.687
I think it's like for kids between 12 to 16, I think that's the market.

00:09:56.702 --> 00:09:57.092
Yeah.

00:09:57.092 --> 00:09:57.942
So then, I quick.

00:09:58.352 --> 00:09:59.302
so then I could.

00:09:59.552 --> 00:10:00.363
Believe that.

00:10:00.363 --> 00:10:07.202
Because to me it's like if it were actually super useful, there'd be a whole black market for these bad boys, these poor little guys.

00:10:07.452 --> 00:10:10.573
But like, if it's not that important, it's like, okay, yeah, they Mm-hmm.

00:10:10.653 --> 00:10:13.693
People take what they need and that's end of it, I guess.

00:10:13.943 --> 00:10:21.116
Still surprising that I think like we're kind of as a species moving away from these kinds of things, so that seems a little sketchy that like,

00:10:21.131 --> 00:10:21.312
Like

00:10:21.429 --> 00:10:25.720
We haven't created a synthetic version of this That's hard you know?

00:10:26.095 --> 00:10:26.424
Yeah.

00:10:26.674 --> 00:10:27.455
Hmm.

00:10:27.705 --> 00:10:27.879
Okay.

00:10:27.884 --> 00:10:28.320
Okay.

00:10:28.679 --> 00:10:31.529
But we are halfway there, so, Hmm.

00:10:31.634 --> 00:10:34.924
All right, let's stick with blue and the water.

00:10:35.424 --> 00:10:41.404
So fact number three, the ocean is blue, mainly because water absorbs red light.

00:10:41.904 --> 00:10:42.065
Hmm.

00:10:42.477 --> 00:10:46.211
Like on mass because like my cup of water is

00:10:46.360 --> 00:10:46.601
clear.

00:10:46.606 --> 00:10:46.812
Yeah.

00:10:46.817 --> 00:10:47.292
Yeah.

00:10:47.292 --> 00:10:48.881
That's exactly the question.

00:10:49.272 --> 00:10:52.551
Pure water is clear, But the water molecules.

00:10:52.801 --> 00:10:57.402
When you have enough of them, They absorb red light the best.

00:10:57.672 --> 00:11:03.744
And so the deeper water you have the bluer it is so in your glass of water, it's not deep enough.

00:11:04.256 --> 00:11:07.287
For the water molecules to absorb enough red to appear blue.

00:11:07.342 --> 00:11:11.964
That's what I was saying, that like when you have enough water like the ocean, then it's blue.

00:11:12.827 --> 00:11:14.749
Because it absorbs red light.

00:11:15.068 --> 00:11:18.668
Yes, as long as it's not reflecting off of the sea floor.

00:11:18.729 --> 00:11:20.589
So this is why coastal and shallow

00:11:20.629 --> 00:11:25.479
water right appears as different That pretty like bluish green color is is from

00:11:25.568 --> 00:11:25.629
the

00:11:26.078 --> 00:11:26.259
on the

00:11:26.649 --> 00:11:27.369
Exactly.

00:11:27.374 --> 00:11:27.408
Yeah.

00:11:27.657 --> 00:11:27.942
Okay.

00:11:27.942 --> 00:11:30.258
So it you're saying the ocean works like a T-shirt?

00:11:30.758 --> 00:11:32.258
Or like a painted wall.

00:11:32.408 --> 00:11:32.467
Yeah.

00:11:32.618 --> 00:11:38.107
Where it's literally like the waves are bouncing off or being absorbed and that's how we see them.

00:11:39.028 --> 00:11:39.187
Yeah.

00:11:39.312 --> 00:11:39.602
Yeah.

00:11:40.008 --> 00:11:40.168
Hmm.

00:11:40.168 --> 00:11:40.447
Yeah.

00:11:40.493 --> 00:11:40.783
Yeah.

00:11:41.538 --> 00:11:42.337
I mean, I guess.

00:11:42.960 --> 00:11:43.980
sounds logical

00:11:44.054 --> 00:11:46.215
And then like the ocean is blue.

00:11:46.274 --> 00:11:46.365
Mm-hmm.

00:11:46.605 --> 00:11:59.631
So we can't really, you know, that, that's, lot, that's, not really a question I get that the idea is that like, there's so much more water, that's why it appears blue, whereas like your cup of water does not.

00:12:00.162 --> 00:12:00.731
But I don't know.

00:12:00.736 --> 00:12:03.264
It's, it seems like a weird reason to

00:12:03.264 --> 00:12:03.355
make.

00:12:03.365 --> 00:12:03.725
Mm-hmm.

00:12:04.164 --> 00:12:07.731
I don't know like not all lakes appear blue.

00:12:07.731 --> 00:12:09.261
Is that how deep we gotta

00:12:09.532 --> 00:12:09.822
Yeah.

00:12:10.322 --> 00:12:10.381
Yeah.

00:12:10.881 --> 00:12:11.606
That's what I'm thinking.

00:12:11.846 --> 00:12:15.527
And it's like there are lakes where it's like almost clear water.

00:12:15.527 --> 00:12:15.767
Yeah.

00:12:15.797 --> 00:12:16.216
Right.

00:12:16.216 --> 00:12:16.217
Yeah.

00:12:16.222 --> 00:12:16.647
Like mountain

00:12:16.756 --> 00:12:17.356
spring.

00:12:17.361 --> 00:12:17.447
Mm-hmm.

00:12:17.527 --> 00:12:17.807
Lake.

00:12:17.866 --> 00:12:18.287
Mm-hmm.

00:12:18.496 --> 00:12:19.756
Can be pretty deep.

00:12:19.756 --> 00:12:19.817
Yeah.

00:12:19.846 --> 00:12:22.336
Like lake by call is the deepest lake in the world.

00:12:22.667 --> 00:12:23.346
It's clear.

00:12:23.351 --> 00:12:23.606
Clear.

00:12:24.524 --> 00:12:24.596
Mm-hmm.

00:12:24.836 --> 00:12:26.216
Why would the ocean be blue?

00:12:26.216 --> 00:12:29.307
Is it really just like you need that much more water?

00:12:29.907 --> 00:12:30.386
Mm.

00:12:30.442 --> 00:12:30.731
Yeah.

00:12:30.841 --> 00:12:31.086
Yeah.

00:12:31.576 --> 00:12:32.537
Hmm.

00:12:32.596 --> 00:12:34.567
This is the first one where I'm like, I know.

00:12:34.576 --> 00:12:35.267
I don't know.

00:12:35.267 --> 00:12:37.096
I feel like there's gonna be a different reason.

00:12:37.096 --> 00:12:38.086
The ocean is

00:12:38.484 --> 00:12:38.807
Yeah.

00:12:39.106 --> 00:12:40.856
I feel like it was too simple.

00:12:41.356 --> 00:12:41.417
Yeah.

00:12:41.447 --> 00:12:41.807
Yeah.

00:12:41.927 --> 00:12:42.616
And maybe that's

00:12:42.692 --> 00:12:42.961
Why is the

00:12:43.081 --> 00:12:43.221
ocean

00:12:43.277 --> 00:12:43.517
blue?

00:12:43.605 --> 00:12:44.145
it's blue.

00:12:44.145 --> 00:12:44.745
Just the same way.

00:12:44.745 --> 00:12:45.615
Your T-shirt's blue.

00:12:45.615 --> 00:12:46.336
Like what?

00:12:46.966 --> 00:12:48.916
No, I, I want it to be more profound.

00:12:48.916 --> 00:12:49.875
It's the ocean.

00:12:50.206 --> 00:12:50.495
Yeah.

00:12:50.655 --> 00:12:51.285
But, okay.

00:12:51.495 --> 00:12:53.326
I don't know What's to think of that?

00:12:53.381 --> 00:12:56.172
I wanna hear about fireworks now cuz you promised fireworks.

00:12:56.172 --> 00:12:56.412
right.

00:12:56.412 --> 00:12:56.591
And we

00:12:56.596 --> 00:12:57.342
haven't talked about them yet.

00:12:57.436 --> 00:12:57.581
yet.

00:12:57.672 --> 00:12:58.902
All right, let's go it with a bang.

00:12:59.142 --> 00:13:00.371
So fact number four.

00:13:00.851 --> 00:13:04.696
The most difficult color to create for fireworks is blue,

00:13:05.196 --> 00:13:06.666
but like fire is blue.

00:13:07.010 --> 00:13:07.520
Yes.

00:13:07.821 --> 00:13:15.081
But when you make colored fireworks that go up and explode in this night sky, you can make different colors using different elements.

00:13:15.110 --> 00:13:15.260
Right?

00:13:15.530 --> 00:13:17.760
by far the most difficult one to make.

00:13:17.760 --> 00:13:20.490
For fireworks manufacturers is the blue color.

00:13:20.563 --> 00:13:21.104
Okay.

00:13:21.344 --> 00:13:24.644
So you mean of the colors that people use to make fireworks?

00:13:24.644 --> 00:13:27.524
Yeah, because I would imagine black would be pretty difficult to

00:13:27.583 --> 00:13:28.583
make a firework..

00:13:28.844 --> 00:13:29.234
thing.

00:13:29.264 --> 00:13:29.744
Okay.

00:13:29.744 --> 00:13:35.386
So you're saying of the colors that people manufacture fireworks, blue is the most difficult of them.

00:13:35.417 --> 00:13:35.907
Exactly.

00:13:36.486 --> 00:13:36.697
Okay.

00:13:36.697 --> 00:13:39.927
Well now that sounds much more believable because before I was like I'm sorry.

00:13:39.927 --> 00:13:41.726
I was like, Black, not harder.

00:13:41.726 --> 00:13:43.736
How do you make up Make me a brown firework Tanner.

00:13:43.736 --> 00:13:44.246
Go ahead.

00:13:44.746 --> 00:13:47.356
I've seen blue ones, but I've never seen a

00:13:47.462 --> 00:13:48.033
brown brown

00:13:48.562 --> 00:13:48.836
Yeah.

00:13:49.364 --> 00:13:49.964
Okay.

00:13:50.004 --> 00:13:51.474
I think I've heard this before.

00:13:51.479 --> 00:13:51.653
Maybe

00:13:52.153 --> 00:13:53.283
it comes up every 4th of

00:13:53.433 --> 00:13:53.724
yeah.

00:13:53.793 --> 00:13:54.083
yeah.

00:13:54.333 --> 00:13:54.578
Right.

00:13:54.639 --> 00:13:54.808
Yeah.

00:13:54.879 --> 00:13:56.708
Culturally we have a lot of fireworks.

00:13:56.708 --> 00:13:56.769
Yeah.

00:13:57.099 --> 00:13:57.729
Okay.

00:13:58.229 --> 00:13:58.859
What is it?

00:13:58.859 --> 00:13:59.339
Nickel.

00:13:59.339 --> 00:14:01.589
What chemical makes blue copper?

00:14:01.798 --> 00:14:02.849
Copper, of course.

00:14:02.908 --> 00:14:03.749
Oh, I knew that.

00:14:03.839 --> 00:14:03.989
Yeah.

00:14:04.033 --> 00:14:04.339
I should have

00:14:04.379 --> 00:14:04.729
known.

00:14:05.609 --> 00:14:12.969
it's really cool when you get into fireworks, they're not just like a bunch of gunpowder, it's actually like a precise packaging.

00:14:13.399 --> 00:14:26.172
Of the shape that you want to appear in the sky, in these little tiny stars that have mineral elements packed around which have black powder or gunpowder surrounding it, and then like a fuel at the bottom.

00:14:26.711 --> 00:14:32.796
And so it's kinda like a ice cream cone shape and element that's wrapped around these little, they call them stars.

00:14:33.046 --> 00:14:34.785
That's what produces the colors.

00:14:34.879 --> 00:14:47.375
So copper makes blue, barium, makes green, strontium, makes red, and sodium makes yellow, and then you can mix those strontium and sodium makes orange,

00:14:47.691 --> 00:14:47.926
Mm-hmm.

00:14:48.530 --> 00:14:54.721
copper, and strontium makes purple or and titaniums zirconium and magnesium makes whiteish silver.

00:14:54.807 --> 00:14:54.897
Mm-hmm.

00:14:55.147 --> 00:14:55.537
Cool.

00:14:55.577 --> 00:15:00.500
But if you look at the periodic table, barium and strontium, these are on the far left.

00:15:00.561 --> 00:15:01.791
They're alkaline earth metals.

00:15:01.796 --> 00:15:01.880
Mm-hmm.

00:15:02.120 --> 00:15:02.211
Uh huh.

00:15:02.681 --> 00:15:04.750
Copper is in the

00:15:04.946 --> 00:15:05.005
the

00:15:05.445 --> 00:15:06.195
It's a transition

00:15:06.585 --> 00:15:06.715
Yeah.

00:15:06.965 --> 00:15:07.205
Okay.

00:15:07.205 --> 00:15:07.264
Yeah.

00:15:07.511 --> 00:15:08.081
Okay.

00:15:08.166 --> 00:15:09.336
Why is blue so hard?

00:15:09.471 --> 00:15:11.600
so blue is hard because

00:15:12.655 --> 00:15:12.945
you're making

00:15:13.049 --> 00:15:19.629
a firework, if you wanna make a brighter, more intense color, you heat it to a higher temperature,

00:15:20.192 --> 00:15:20.283
Mm-hmm.

00:15:20.528 --> 00:15:20.673
Right?

00:15:20.722 --> 00:15:31.355
So it kind of goes through the color spectrum So if you wanna burn a more intense red, just heat strontium higher, and it will be more intense if you do that with copper.

00:15:31.855 --> 00:15:32.716
It breaks down.

00:15:32.855 --> 00:15:33.275
Mm-hmm.

00:15:33.535 --> 00:15:35.456
So it's unstable at higher temperatures.

00:15:35.755 --> 00:15:38.125
So because yes.

00:15:38.130 --> 00:15:38.235
Mm-hmm.

00:15:38.336 --> 00:15:39.145
It's already blue.

00:15:39.150 --> 00:15:43.625
So if you try to get in a more intense blue, it washes out, you lose the blueness.

00:15:43.999 --> 00:15:47.178
The best you can ask for from copper is a dim blue.

00:15:47.678 --> 00:15:52.437
So some people say you can judge a fireworks display by how good of a blue they

00:15:53.878 --> 00:15:54.057
Oh.

00:15:54.524 --> 00:15:56.443
I don't love this phrasing.

00:15:56.693 --> 00:15:57.264
In this fact.

00:15:57.323 --> 00:15:57.744
Mm-hmm.

00:15:58.014 --> 00:15:58.783
Most difficult.

00:15:59.214 --> 00:16:03.844
I mean, everything is decently subjective when you talk about difficulty.

00:16:04.344 --> 00:16:04.614
Yeah.

00:16:04.811 --> 00:16:06.410
But I, I get what you're saying.

00:16:06.756 --> 00:16:07.176
Mm-hmm.

00:16:07.676 --> 00:16:07.836
Hmm.

00:16:08.336 --> 00:16:09.009
What do you think?

00:16:09.134 --> 00:16:14.453
for me, with all the metals and everything, definitely the part about copper checks out

00:16:14.828 --> 00:16:14.979
mm-hmm.

00:16:15.349 --> 00:16:16.578
So I think.

00:16:16.828 --> 00:16:17.879
if not a hundred percent.

00:16:17.879 --> 00:16:20.339
I think I'm relatively sure about this

00:16:20.413 --> 00:16:21.254
Yeah, I'm feel good about it.

00:16:21.254 --> 00:16:23.144
Yeah, Wait, backtrack.

00:16:23.437 --> 00:16:25.657
Copper is why the horseshoe crabs have blue blood.

00:16:25.662 --> 00:16:28.083
Isn't it just like iron is the reason we have red blood?

00:16:28.380 --> 00:16:28.650
I that

00:16:28.666 --> 00:16:29.895
just hit me just now.

00:16:30.346 --> 00:16:32.625
I was like, wait, our blood is red cuz of

00:16:33.005 --> 00:16:33.230
Yeah.

00:16:33.418 --> 00:16:34.437
it must be copper.

00:16:34.437 --> 00:16:34.557
they

00:16:34.677 --> 00:16:35.187
copper in it.

00:16:35.187 --> 00:16:35.457
Yeah,

00:16:36.145 --> 00:16:36.926
Wild.

00:16:37.261 --> 00:16:39.032
I wanna talk a lot more about horseshoe crowds.

00:16:39.072 --> 00:16:39.432
I don't care.

00:16:39.741 --> 00:16:40.876
don't, um, episode.

00:16:41.443 --> 00:16:41.774
Okay.

00:16:41.895 --> 00:16:43.905
So those were some very colorful facts.

00:16:44.135 --> 00:16:51.275
But one of them is a lie, so we need you to repeat the four of them before soups and I take our guess at which one it is.

00:16:51.639 --> 00:16:51.928
Okay.

00:17:01.841 --> 00:17:06.661
Fact number one, leaves naturally have three color pigments.

00:17:07.161 --> 00:17:08.060
Fact number two.

00:17:08.560 --> 00:17:12.401
Litmus tests are made from the blue blood of horseshoe crabs.

00:17:12.901 --> 00:17:18.830
Fact number three, the ocean is blue, mainly because water absorbs red light.

00:17:19.330 --> 00:17:26.320
And fact number four, the most difficult color to create for fireworks is blue of all the colors that you can make.

00:17:27.011 --> 00:17:27.402
Right.

00:17:27.902 --> 00:17:30.834
These are like, you know, you'd expect that you should know this.

00:17:31.192 --> 00:17:32.811
Like, these are such basic facts.

00:17:33.097 --> 00:17:33.887
It feels like that.

00:17:33.948 --> 00:17:34.367
Yeah.

00:17:34.458 --> 00:17:35.538
And then it just gets

00:17:35.808 --> 00:17:37.159
I'm feeling the same way.

00:17:37.159 --> 00:17:41.128
I'm feeling like this is some third grade science and I really ought to know

00:17:41.455 --> 00:17:41.969
as long is

00:17:42.074 --> 00:17:42.284
lie.

00:17:42.284 --> 00:17:43.388
But I I don't,

00:17:43.943 --> 00:17:44.453
me neither.

00:17:44.773 --> 00:17:47.074
I think number two,

00:17:47.574 --> 00:17:48.473
the crabs.

00:17:48.503 --> 00:17:48.683
Mm-hmm.

00:17:49.124 --> 00:17:50.953
Maybe it was a thing in the past.

00:17:51.233 --> 00:17:51.913
I don't know if

00:17:52.074 --> 00:17:54.971
if this is I'm with you on that.

00:17:54.971 --> 00:17:59.112
That it's like the lie's gonna be something hopeful where it's like, No, actually we don't use them Anymore.

00:17:59.561 --> 00:17:59.862
Yeah.

00:17:59.951 --> 00:18:02.260
But we got burned on that last with the

00:18:02.516 --> 00:18:03.175
Yeah, I know.

00:18:03.175 --> 00:18:03.776
All right.

00:18:04.441 --> 00:18:05.650
So Yeah.

00:18:05.650 --> 00:18:07.329
Why do you keep giving us facts about murdering

00:18:07.336 --> 00:18:07.539
soccer.

00:18:07.630 --> 00:18:08.619
creatures?

00:18:09.119 --> 00:18:10.890
It's like Yeah, totally his thing now.

00:18:10.920 --> 00:18:11.130
Yeah.

00:18:12.250 --> 00:18:13.780
I test all my facts on animals.

00:18:13.780 --> 00:18:13.990
Yeah.

00:18:13.990 --> 00:18:15.911
Oh, no, no.

00:18:16.060 --> 00:18:18.611
I should have known is a fully cruelty

00:18:18.665 --> 00:18:18.780
true.

00:18:19.330 --> 00:18:19.451
Yeah.

00:18:19.631 --> 00:18:20.820
I'm just so worried about conservation.

00:18:21.280 --> 00:18:22.961
I always look at where they're dying,

00:18:23.006 --> 00:18:23.486
Okay.

00:18:23.740 --> 00:18:25.931
And also about this ocean one, I think.

00:18:26.431 --> 00:18:30.630
it's so logical, but there might be like a small, important

00:18:31.005 --> 00:18:31.275
Yeah.

00:18:31.275 --> 00:18:33.105
that we Yeah.

00:18:33.105 --> 00:18:34.994
I think I'm gonna go with the ocean wine.

00:18:34.994 --> 00:18:35.085
Yeah.

00:18:35.144 --> 00:18:42.319
Because I think it's way too simple and I want there to be a way, cooler reason why the ocean is blue Yeah,

00:18:42.656 --> 00:18:45.777
I'm going with number two, purely for emotional reasons.

00:18:45.957 --> 00:18:47.247
Not backed by science,

00:18:47.412 --> 00:18:47.912
backed by

00:18:48.616 --> 00:18:49.247
but purely,

00:18:49.487 --> 00:18:49.846
Yeah.

00:18:49.873 --> 00:18:50.653
I'm going with the ocean.

00:18:50.700 --> 00:18:51.809
You going with the crabs?

00:18:52.805 --> 00:18:53.255
Okay.

00:18:53.505 --> 00:18:55.634
Then we have fact number two and fact number three.

00:18:56.001 --> 00:18:57.442
time for the big reveal.

00:18:57.837 --> 00:18:59.468
The lie is fact number two.

00:18:59.785 --> 00:19:02.855
We are not killing crabs every year to make this

00:19:03.355 --> 00:19:03.744
Go.

00:19:03.875 --> 00:19:04.434
Emotions.

00:19:04.654 --> 00:19:04.875
Yay.

00:19:05.345 --> 00:19:06.474
Wishful thinking.

00:19:06.974 --> 00:19:07.173
Yay.

00:19:07.564 --> 00:19:07.854
Yeah.

00:19:08.153 --> 00:19:08.493
Oh Wow.

00:19:08.815 --> 00:19:13.674
if you ask NASA why the ocean is blue, they say it's because of the absorption,

00:19:13.960 --> 00:19:14.319
Yeah.

00:19:14.319 --> 00:19:15.759
a lot of people are still trying to figure it out.

00:19:15.819 --> 00:19:18.690
I mean, it makes, obviously it makes sense.

00:19:18.690 --> 00:19:19.799
I know how light works.

00:19:19.859 --> 00:19:19.920
Yeah.

00:19:19.980 --> 00:19:22.904
But I just wanted it to be something cool I just wanted it.

00:19:23.015 --> 00:19:23.525
Yeah.

00:19:23.555 --> 00:19:23.944
Yeah.

00:19:24.526 --> 00:19:30.025
So fact number two, the truth is kind of two facts put into one.

00:19:30.684 --> 00:19:33.474
So horseshoe crabs, we do bleed every

00:19:34.065 --> 00:19:34.484
Oh no.

00:19:34.484 --> 00:19:34.724
What?

00:19:34.785 --> 00:19:35.005
No.

00:19:35.125 --> 00:19:35.724
Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait.

00:19:35.845 --> 00:19:37.134
We were just excited.

00:19:37.134 --> 00:19:37.345
What do

00:19:37.480 --> 00:19:38.089
They did this

00:19:38.095 --> 00:19:38.335
this to

00:19:38.335 --> 00:19:38.755
us.

00:19:38.755 --> 00:19:38.954
Well, it's

00:19:38.994 --> 00:19:39.894
a very different reason.

00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:40.390
Okay.

00:19:40.599 --> 00:19:42.099
But hopefully positive.

00:19:43.045 --> 00:19:43.240
positive.

00:19:43.269 --> 00:19:43.599
Okay.

00:19:43.599 --> 00:19:43.869
And it's

00:19:43.912 --> 00:19:44.872
going in a good direction.

00:19:44.902 --> 00:19:45.041
Okay.

00:19:46.192 --> 00:19:48.051
hear horseshoe crabs.

00:19:48.112 --> 00:19:50.031
Their blood is not sensitive to pH.

00:19:50.061 --> 00:19:52.011
It's sensitive to toxic bacteria.

00:19:52.311 --> 00:19:53.392
so it is bright blue.

00:19:53.396 --> 00:19:53.531
Is

00:19:53.737 --> 00:19:56.436
blood not sensitive to toxic bacteria?

00:19:56.632 --> 00:19:58.071
Not in the same way, no.

00:19:58.071 --> 00:19:58.102
Okay.

00:19:58.336 --> 00:20:01.976
so they have nothing to do with baking soda or any of the CH color changing stuff.

00:20:02.567 --> 00:20:11.343
crab blood is used for the limulus amoy lysate test, which checks new vaccines for contamination.

00:20:11.692 --> 00:20:11.913
Ooh.

00:20:12.107 --> 00:20:12.327
Oh,

00:20:12.827 --> 00:20:18.557
and scientists are working very, very hard to try to clone these cells in the labs so we don't have to bleed them anymore.

00:20:18.917 --> 00:20:18.948
Okay.

00:20:19.188 --> 00:20:19.428
Wait.

00:20:19.488 --> 00:20:20.799
But it's a noble cause.

00:20:20.799 --> 00:20:21.190
Yeah.

00:20:21.250 --> 00:20:21.670
It's okay.

00:20:21.815 --> 00:20:23.357
Though, It still happens.

00:20:23.512 --> 00:20:29.298
Yeah, But I guess it's not just for like some snot nose kids to like learn chemistry.

00:20:29.387 --> 00:20:29.718
Yeah.

00:20:29.816 --> 00:20:30.487
It's a little better,

00:20:30.797 --> 00:20:31.366
but still.

00:20:31.618 --> 00:20:32.364
I should have known,

00:20:32.864 --> 00:20:33.733
I should have known.

00:20:34.249 --> 00:20:36.679
Thanks for listening to this episode of, I should have known.

00:20:36.929 --> 00:20:39.388
We now have YouTube as part of season four.

00:20:39.388 --> 00:20:48.615
So if you are listening, on YouTube, please like this episode and subscribe and leave a comment.

00:20:48.989 --> 00:20:53.669
And we'll be continuing with our rainbow theme with more colorful topics for the rest of the month.

00:20:53.669 --> 00:20:56.489
Next week we're gonna be talking about cuisine.

00:20:56.989 --> 00:21:01.172
Hope you're hungry for more, and as always, thanks for listening.

00:21:03.154 --> 00:21:03.861
those birds